Cervical cancer originates in the cells of the cervix, the narrow passage forming the lower part of the uterus. It is a slow-growing cancer primarily caused by a persistent infection with certain strains of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted infection.
The progression from HPV infection to precancerous changes (called Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia or CIN) and finally to invasive cancer can take many years. This long window offers a critical opportunity for effective prevention and early intervention.
An accurate diagnosis is the foundation of effective treatment. We utilise the latest technologies for precise staging.
Pap Smear (Pap Test): The cornerstone of cervical cancer screening. It collects cells from the cervix to check for abnormalities. We recommend starting at age 21, repeating every 3 years.
HPV DNA Test: This test identifies the presence of high-risk HPV strains known to cause cervical cancer. It is often used in conjunction with a Pap smear for women over 30.
Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA): A simple, effective screening method.
Colposcopy: If a screening test is abnormal, this procedure uses a special magnifying device (colposcope) to examine the cervix closely.
Biopsy: During a colposcopy, a small tissue sample is taken for laboratory analysis. This is the only definitive way to diagnose cervical cancer. Types include punch biopsy, endocervical curettage (ECC), or a LEEP procedure.
Imaging: CT scans, MRI, or PET-CT scans are used to determine if and where the cancer has spread (staging).
Cystoscopy/Proctoscopy: To check if cancer has spread to the bladder or rectum.
Treatment is tailored to the stage of cancer, your overall health, and whether you wish to preserve fertility.
Pre-Cancer (CIN) Treatment: Preventing Cancer Before It Starts
Radical Trachelectomy: A fertility-sparing surgery where the cervix and upper part of the vagina are removed, but the uterus is left intact, allowing for future pregnancy.
Hysterectomy: Removal of the uterus and cervix. This can be simple or radical (also removing the surrounding tissue and the upper part of the vagina). We specialise in minimally invasive laparoscopic and robotic hysterectomies for faster recovery.
Pelvic Exenteration: For recurrent cancer, this major surgery may involve removing the uterus, vagina, bladder, and/or rectum.
We use advanced techniques to maximise cancer cell destruction while minimising damage to healthy organs.
External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT): Targets the pelvis from outside the body.
Brachytherapy (Internal Radiation): Places a radioactive source directly inside or near the tumour. This is a highly precise and effective component of cervical cancer treatment.
Chemotherapy: Often used concurrently with radiation (chemoradiation) to sensitise cancer cells to radiation, improving outcomes.
Targeted Therapy: Drugs that specifically target cancer cell mechanisms. (e.g., Bevacizumab/Avastin).
Immunotherapy: For advanced or recurrent cases, drugs like Pembrolizumab help your own immune system recognise and fight cancer cells.
Your case is reviewed by a team of medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, onco-surgeons, radiologists, and pathologists to create the best possible plan.
We discuss all options for women who wish to have children after treatment.
From robotic surgical systems to advanced radiation planning, we invest in the best tools for your care.
Access to nutritionists, pain management specialists, counsellors, and support groups to care for your overall well-being.
Get Vaccinated: The HPV vaccine (Gardasil 9) is your first line of defence. It is safe, effective, and recommended for both girls and boys starting at age 9-12.
Get Screened Regularly: Adhere to screening guidelines based on your age and risk factors. Do not skip your Pap test.
Practice Safe Sex: Using condoms can reduce the risk of HPV transmission.
Avoid Smoking: Smokers are at a significantly higher risk as tobacco by-products damage cervical cells.
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